Sustainability has become the comfort word of our time. Politicians promise it, corporations brand themselves with it, and universities teach entire degrees around it.
What we think it means is that with enough innovation, education, and international cooperation, eight billion humans can organise themselves to live within planetary limits.
The problem is that sustainability requires voluntary restraint in resource consumption despite knowledge of consequences, something humans are biologically incapable of doing. Our wiring evolved over 300,000 years on the African savanna where the next meal was uncertain, where hunger never fully disappeared, where, taking what you could when you could, meant survival.
That wiring does not change because we now understand thermodynamics or attend climate conferences.
The mindful sceptic lesson is that sustainability is not a technical problem waiting for a clever solution. It is a biological impossibility dressed up as a policy goal.
Confusing aspiration with plausibility is not just sloppy thinking; it wastes scarce time and resources on strategies guaranteed to fail.
Counterpoint
Innovation will not rewire the primate brain
The story that oozes from every NGO report, government white paper, and corporate sustainability strategy is that humanity can achieve sustainable living for all through technological innovation, behavioural education, and enlightened policy. Solar panels, circular economies, carbon pricing, meat alternatives—the menu of solutions is vast and growing.
It is an appealing narrative because it promises moral redemption without sacrifice. We can keep our cities, our consumption, and our growth trajectory. We just need to do it smarter, cleaner, and greener.
But in practice, efficiency gains never reduce total consumption. They make consumption cheaper, so we consume more, a pattern economists politely call the Jevons Paradox and everyone else should call the inevitable outcome of biological drives meeting abundant resources.
When LED bulbs cut electricity costs, we buy bigger televisions. When fuel efficiency improves, we drive further. When agricultural yields increase, we add another billion people.
The problem is not a lack of knowledge.
Every environmental science undergraduate learns about planetary boundaries and ecological overshoot. The problem is that knowing does not equal doing when doing requires systematic self-restraint across entire populations for generations.
Hunter-gatherers on the savanna who restrained their caloric intake when food was available did not pass on their genes. Those who ate until satiation, who took the kudu when they found it lame, who grabbed the marula fruit before someone else did, they are our ancestors.
You can educate a billion people about climate change, and they will nod, worry, and even march. Then they will eat dinner, heat their homes, and plan their next holiday. Not because they are stupid or uncaring, but because they are human.
The debunk is uncomfortable but necessary… sustainability initiatives that assume humans will voluntarily reduce resource use despite individual incentives to consume are not strategies.
They are fairy tales.
Thought Challenge
Audit the assumptions... Next time you encounter a sustainability proposal, be that a corporate net-zero commitment, a government renewable energy target, or a circular economy initiative, write down the implicit assumptions about human behaviour. Does the plan assume people will choose the sustainable option when it costs more, takes longer, or requires effort? Does it assume governments will enforce unpopular restrictions consistently across decades? Does it assume corporations will sacrifice profit for principle? Ask yourself if this proposal takes human biological wiring into account, or is it wishful thinking?
Study the historical record... List examples from history where technological or policy solutions failed due to underlying biological or psychological constraints. Consider the Green Revolution that increased food production and, rather than ending hunger, supported three billion more people impoverished. Consider fuel efficiency standards that reduced per-kilometre emissions while total vehicle kilometres doubled. Consider recycling programs that eased consumer guilt while total packaging waste increased. In each case, ask if the solution addresses human behaviour, or merely optimise the means of consumption?
Both exercises sharpen the sceptical instinct. Instead of accepting sustainability rhetoric at face value, you learn to examine the biological and psychological foundations that determine whether proposals can actually work.
Closing Reflection
Being a mindful sceptic is not about abandoning hope or excusing inaction. And is certainly not a decline into nihilism.
It is about intellectual honesty. A recognition that solutions built on false assumptions about human nature will fail, wasting precious time we do not have.
Sustainability is a myth.
Not because sustainability is undesirable, but because it is biologically implausible for a species wired by 300,000 years of evolution to maximise resource acquisition in uncertain environments.
The path forward lies not in pretending we can educate or engineer our way out of biological reality, but in acknowledging resource decline is inevitable and focusing on pragmatic adaptation rather than idealistic prevention.
Evidence Support
Brown, J. H., Burnside, W. R., Davidson, A. D., DeLong, J. P., Dunn, W. C., Hamilton, M. J., ... & West, G. B. (2011). Energetic limits to economic growth. BioScience, 61(1), 19–26.
TL;DR… quantifies the biophysical limits of economic and population growth using metabolic scaling theory. It concludes that human economies operate as extended metabolic systems constrained by energy throughput and resource availability, meaning perpetual growth and material sustainability are thermodynamically impossible.
Relevance to insight…
Brown et al. provide the hard biophysical backbone to the insight’s claim that sustainability violates natural law, showing that no amount of technological efficiency can outpace the entropy of energy dissipation. The research links human economies directly to biological metabolism, underlining that living sustainably at scale is energetically incoherent.
Turner, G. M. (2014). Is Global Collapse Imminent? An Updated Comparison of The Limits to Growth with Historical Data. MSSI Research Paper No. 4, Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne.
TL;DR… strong alignment with the standard run scenario from Meadows et al.’s 1972 Limits to Growth model predicting ecological and economic decline this century. The study concludes that observed trends in resource depletion and pollution are consistent with systemic collapse trajectories, not sustainable stabilisation.
Relevance to insight… humanity is tracking collapse rather than sustainability despite decades of technological progress and international policy interventions, undermining claims that innovation or education can reverse material overshoot.
Rees, W. E. (2020). Ecological economics for humanity’s plague phase. Ecological Economics, 169, 106520.
TL;DR… humans behave as a “plague species,” exhibiting positive-feedback population and consumption growth typical of unregulated animal species in ecological overshoot. He integrates biology and thermodynamics to show that sustainability narratives deny evolutionary realities of competitive self-interest and energy maximisation.
Relevance to insight… human cognition and institutions are tuned for growth and short-term advantage, not restraint. He explicitly rejects “sustainable development” as an oxymoron grounded in denial of ecological and evolutionary constraints.
Alcott, B. (2005). Jevons’ paradox. Ecological Economics, 54(1), 9–21.
TL;DR… historical and contemporary evidence showing that increases in resource use efficiency typically lead to increased total consumption—the Jevons Paradox—because efficiency reduces the real cost of energy or materials. He concludes that technological efficiency alone cannot reduce aggregate resource use without parallel limits on total throughput.
Relevance to insight… rigorous empirical challenge to the belief that “innovation will make us sustainable.” It exposes the rebound effect as a structural feature of human economic behaviour, aligning precisely with the insight’s counterpoint that innovation amplifies consumption rather than curbing it.